The New Pali Course Book 1(part-5)

The New Pali Course Book 1(part-5)

37. Feminine nouns ending in -u

Dhenu (cow [of any kind])

Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. dhenu dhenuu, dhenuyo
Acc. dhenu.m dhenuu, dhenuyo
Abl., Ins. dhenuyaa dhenuubhi, dhenuuhi
Dat., Gen. dhenuyaa dhenuuna.m
Loc. dhenuya.m, dhenuyaa dhenuusu
Some of the similarly declined are:-

yaagu = rice gruel
kaasu = pit
vijju = lightning
rajju = rope
daddu = eczema
kacchu = itch
ka.neru = she-elephant
dhaatu = element
sassu = mother-in-law
38. Maatu is differently declined from the above.

Maatu (mother)

Case Singular Plural
Nom. maataa maataro
Acc. maatara.m maatare, maataro
Abl., Ins. maataraa, (maatuyaa) maatarebhi, maaterehi, maatuubbhi, maatuuhi
Dat., Gen. maatuyaa maataraana.m, maataana.m, maatuuna.m
Loc. maatari maataresu, maatusu
Voc. maata, maataa, maate maataro
Dhiitu (daughter) and duhitu (daughter) are declined like maatu.

39. Adverbs of Place

tattha = there
ettha = here
idha = here
upari = up, over
tiriya.m = across
kattha = where?
tatra = there
kuhi.m = where?
anto = inside
antaraa = between
sabbattha = everywhere
ekattha = in one place
kuto = from where?
tato = from there
Exercise 13

Suggested Solutions
Translate into English

Daasiyaa maataa dhenu.m rajjuyaa bandhitvaa aanesi.
Mayha.m maatulaanii yaagu.m pacitvaa dhiitaraana.m dadissati.
Ka.neruyo a.taviya.m aahi.n.ditvaa tattha kaasuusu pati.msu.
Dhanavatiyaa sassu idha aagamma bhikkhuu vandissati.
Raajiniyaa dhiitaro aaraama.m gantvaa satthaara.m maalaahi puujesu.m.
Ka~n~naana.m pitaro dhiitaraana.m vuddhi.m icchanti.
Kuto tva.m dhenuyo ki.nissasi?
Kattha tava bhaginiyo nahaayitvaa pacitvaa bhu~nji.msu?
Te gehassa ca rukkhassa ca antaraa kii.li.msu.
Naariyaa duhitaro gehassa anto ma~ncesu sayissanti.
Dhiituyaa ja`nghaaya.m daddu atthi.
Yuvatii maalaa pilandhitvaa sassuyaa geha.m gamissati.
Amhaaka.m maataraana.m gaaviyo sabbattha caritvaa bhu~njitvaa saaya.m ekattha sannipatanti*.
Dhanavatiyaa nattaaro magge tiriya.m dhaavitvaa a.tavi.m pavisitvaa niliiyi.msu**.
Asani rukkhassa upari patitvaa saakhaa chinditvaa taru.m maaresi.
* Sannipatati = assembles; comes together.
** Niliiyati = hides oneself.

Translate into Pali

The girl's mother gave a garland to the damsel.
Having tied the cows with ropes the woman dragged (them) to the forest.
Having wandered everywhere in the island, the damsel's sister came home and ate (some) food.
Where does your mother's sister live?
My sister's daughters live in one place.
When will they come to the river?
The queen's mother-in-law came* here yesterday and went back** today.
Having bathed in the tank, the daughters of the rich woman walked across the garden.
Our aunts will cook* rice-gruel and drink it with women friends.
The cows of the mother-in-law walk between the rock and the trees.
When will your mothers and daughters go to the garden and hear the words of the Buddha?
From where did you bring the elephant?
Sons of the queen went* along the river*** to a forest and there fell in a pit.
There is itch on the hand of the sister.
The thunder-bolt fell* on a rock and broke it into two****.
* Use absolutives like gantvaa.
** Went back = pa.tinivatti or paccaayami.
*** Along the river = nadi.m anu or nadii passena.
**** Breaks into two = dvidhaa bhindati.

Neuter Gender

40. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a

Nayana (eye)

Case Singular Plural
Nom. nayana.m nayanaa, nayanaani
Acc. nayana.m nayanaa, nayanaani
Ins. nayanena nayanebhi, nayanehi
Dat. nayanaaya, nayanassa nayanaana.m
Abl. nayanaa, nayanamhaa, nayanasmaa nayanebhi, nayanehi
Gen. nayanassa nayanaana.m
Loc. nayane, nayanamhi, nayanasmi.m nayanesu
Voc. nayana, nayanaa nayanaani
The following are declined similarly:-

dhana = wealth
phala = fruit
daana = charity, alms
siila = precept, virtue
pu~n~na = merit, good action
paapa = sin
ruupa = form, image
sota = ear
ghaana = nose
pii.tha = chair
vadana = face, mouth
locana = eye
mara.na = death
ceti = shrine
paduma = lotus
pa.n.na = leaf
susaana = cemetery
aayudha = weapon
amata = ambrosia
ti.na = grass
udaka = water
jala = water
pulina = sand
sopaa.na = stair
hadaya = heart
ara~n~na = forest
vattha = cloth
suva.n.na = gold
sukha = comfort
dukkha = trouble, pain
muula = root, money
kula = family, caste
kuula = bank (of a river, etc.)
bala = power, strength
vana = forest
puppha = flower
citta = mind
chatta = umbrella
a.nda = egg
kaara.na = reason
~naa.na = wisdom
khiira = milk
nagara = city
The Infinitive

41. The sign of the infinitive is -tu.m. It is used as in English:

pacitu.m = to cook
pivitu.m = to drink
bhottu.m or bhu~njitu.m = to eat
laddhu.m or labhitu.m = to get
daatu.m = to give
paatu.m = to drink
gantu.m = to go
kaatu.m = to do
haritu.m = to carry
aaharitu.m = to bring
Tu.m is simply added to the roots of one syllable to form the infinitive. An extra -i- is added before tu.m in the case of the bases consisting of more than one syllable.

Exercise 14

Suggested Solutions
Translate into English

Dhanavanto bhaataraana.m dhana.m daatu.m na icchanti.
Daana.m datvaa siila.m rakkhitvaa sagge* nibbattitu.m** sakkonti***.
Kumaarii alaata.m aanetvaa bhatta.m pacitu.m aggi.m jaalessati.
Naariyo nagaraa nikkhamma udaka.m paatu.m vaapiyaa kuula.m gacchi.msu.
Nattaaro ara~n~naa phalaani aaharitvaa khaaditu.m aarabhi.msu****.
Siilavaa isi dhamma.m desetu.m pii.the nisiidi.
Coro aayudhena paharitvaa mama pituno a`nguli.m chindi.
Yuvatiyo padumaani ocinitu.m***** nadi.m gantvaa kuule nisiidi.msu.
Maya.m chattaani aadaaya susaana.m gantvaa pupphaani ocinissaama.
Ka~n~naa vattha.m aanetu.m aapa.na.m gamissati.
Tumhe vana.m gantvaa gaaviina.m daatu.m pa.n.naani aaharatha.
Maya.m locanehi ruupaani passitvaa sukha.m dukkha.m ca labhaama.
Tva.m sotena su.nitu.m ghaa.nena ghaayitu.m****** ca sakkosi.
Kukku.tiyaa a.n.daani rukkhassa muule santi.
Viduno amata.m labhitvaa mara.na.m na bhaayanti.
Manussaa cittena cintetvaa******* pu~n~naani karissanti.
Tumhe dhamma.m sotu.m aaraama.m gantvaa puline nisiidatha.
Dhanavanto suva.n.na.m datvaa ~naa.na.m laddhu.m na sakkonti.
Daarako chatta.m ga.nhitu.m******** sopaa.na.m aaruhi.
Mama bhaginii pu~n~na.m labhitu.m siila.m rakkhissati.
* Sagga = heaven.
** To be born.
*** Are able.
**** Began.
***** To gather, to collect.
****** To smell.
******* Having thought.
******** To take.

Translate into Pali

The boys went to the foot of the tree to eat fruits.
The maiden climbed the tree to gather flowers.
I went into the house to bring an umbrella and a cloth.
The girl asked for a fire-brand to make a fire.
We are able to see objects (=forms) with our eyes.
You smell with your nose and hear with your ears.
Having gone to hear the doctrine, they sat on the sand.
People are not able to purchase wisdom with (their) gold.
Having divided* his wealth the rich man gave (them) to his sons and daughters.
The maidens went out of the city (in order) to bathe in the river.
There were umbrellas in the hands of the women on the road.
Having struck her with a weapon, the enemy wounded** the hand of my mother-in-law.
Having gone to the garden they brought flowers and fruits for the boys.
He will go to the forest in order to bring leaves and grass for the cows.
The girls and boys brought lotuses from the pond (in order) to offer to the shrine.
Having bathed in the tank, our sisters and brothers came home to eat and sleep.
Having seen a leopard the boy ran across the garden and crossed*** the river.
You get merit through charity and virtue.
Having grazed (eaten grass) in the cemetery, my aunt's cows went to the tank in order to drink water.
The maidens bought flowers in order to make**** garlands for (their) sisters.
* Bhaajetvaa.
** Va.nita.m akasi.
*** Tari.
**** Kaatu.m; pa.tiyaadetu.m.

42. Neuter nouns ending in -i

A.t.thi (bone, seed)

Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. a.t.thi a.t.thii, a.t.thiini
Acc. a.t.thi.m a.t.thii, a.t.thiini
Ins. a.t.thinaa a.t.thiibhi, a.t.thiihi
Dat., Gen. a.t.thino, a.t.thissa a.t.thiina.m
Abl. a.t.thinaa, a.t.thimhaa, a.t.thismaa a.t.thiibhi, a.t.thiihi
Loc. a.t.thini, a.t.thimhi, a.t.thismi.m a.t.thisu, a.t.thiisu
The following are similarly declined:

vaari = water
akkhi = eye
sappi = ghee
dadhi = curd
acci = flame
satthi = thigh
43. Neuter nouns ending in -u

Cakkhu (eye)

Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. cakkhu cakkhuu, cakkhuuni
Acc. cakkhu.m cakkhuu, cakkhuuni
Ins. cakkhunaa cakkhuubhi, cakkhuuhi
The rest are similar to those of garu.

The following are declined similarly:-

aayu = age
dhanu = bow
madhu = honey
assu = tear
jaanu, ja.n.nu = knee
daaru = firewood
ambu = water
tipu = lead
vasu = wealth
vapu = body
vatthu = ground, base
jatu = sealing wax
44. Some more particles

Particles, named avyaya in Pali, consists of adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, indeclinable past participles ending in tvaa, tvaana, tuuna and ya, and infinitives.

aama = yes
eva.m = thus, yes
addhaa = certainly
vaa, athavaa = or
puna = again
tathaa = in that way
saki.m = once
sanika.m = slowly
siigha.m = quickly, soon
purato = in the front of, before
yaava, taava = till then, so long
naanaa = separately
vinaa = without
katha.m = how?
kasmaa = why?
Exercise 15

Suggested Solutions
Translate into English

Maya.m gaaviyaa khiira.m, khiiramhaa dadhi.m, dadhimhaa sappi~n ca labhaama.
Maataa dhiituyaa akkhiisu assuuni disvaa (tassaa)* vadana.m vaarinaa dhovi.
Kasmaa tva.m ajja vaapi.m gantvaa puna nadi.m gantu.m icchasi?
Katha.m tava bhaataro nadiyaa padumaani ocinitvaa aaharissanti?
Addhaa te dhanuuni aadaaya vana.m pavisitvaa miga.m maaretvaa aanessanti.
Amhaaka.m pitaro tadaa vanamhaa madhu.m aaharitvaa dadhinaa saha bhu~nji.msu.
Maya.m suve tumhehi** vinaa ara~n~na.m gantvaa daaruuni bha~njissaama***.
Kumaaraa siigha.m dhaavitvaa vaapiya.m kiilitvaa sanika.m gehaani agami.msu.
Tumhe khiira.m pivitu.m icchatha, athavaa dadhi.m bhu~njitu.m?
Yaava mayha.m pitaa nahaayissati taava aha.m idha ti.t.thaami.
Yathaa bhuupati aa.naapeti tathaa tva.m kaatu.m icchasi?
Aama, aha.m bhuupatino vacana.m atikkamitu.m**** na sakkomi.
* Of her.
** Ablative must be used with "vinaa".
*** Bha~njati = breaks.
**** To surpass.

Translate into Pali

Do you like to drink milk or to eat curd?
First* I will drink gruel and then eat curd with honey.
Go quickly to the market to bring some ghee.
Having bathed in the sea why do you like to go again there now?
Do you know how our fathers gathered honey from the forests?
I will stay on the river bank till you cross the river and come back.
My mother-in-law went to the city without her retinue and returned with a sister.
The millionaire fell on (his) knees** before the king and bowed down at his feet.
Is your horse able to run fast?
Yes, certainly it will run fast.
Having gone to the forest, with bows in hands, our brothers killed an elephant and cut its tasks.
Why does your father walk slowly on the sand?
* Pa.thama.m, adv.
** Jaanuuhi patitvaa (don't use the locative).